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Lecture Notes | Approved: 7 years ago | 100.23 kB | Comments: 0
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reportedbeingvegetarian.Amongthevegetarians,nearlythreefourths(73.7%)werefemale.Nearlyhalf(47.5%)ofthevegetarianswerewhite,26.8%wereAsian,11.1%wereAfricanAmerican,5.8%wereHispanic,5.0%wereAmericanIndian,andtheremaining4%wereHawaiianorPacificIslanderorother.BecausethereweresofewHis-panic,AmericanIndian,andmixedorothervegetarians(be-causeofthesamplesizesofthoserace/ethnicitiesintheen-tiresample),thesegroupswerecombinedandreferredtoasotherintherace/ethnicityanalyses.Amongthevegetar-ians,38.6%wereinhighschool(vsmiddleorjuniorhighschool).Morethanhalfofthevegetarians(62%)reportedeatingchickenand/orfishandweresemivegetarians;32%ateeggsand/ordairyproducts(butnotchickenorfish),and6%werevegans,sothat38%wereclassifiedaslacto-ovo-vegansfortheseanalyses.AsgiveninTable1,thereweresignificantdifferencesbetweenvegetariansandnon-vegetariansinthesexandracialmakeupofthesamples.Overall,adolescentvegetariansweresignificantlymorelikelytomeetthedietaryrecommendationsofHealthyPeople2010asgiveninTable2.Vegetarianado-lescentsweremorethantwiceaslikelytoeatlessthan30%oftheircaloriesfromfatandnearly3timesmorelikelytoeatlessthan10%oftheircaloriesfromsatu-ratedfat.Theywerealso1.4to2timesmorelikelytoeat2ormoreservingsoffruit,3ormoreservingsofveg-etables,3ormoreservingsofvegetablesincluding1thatisdarkyelloworgreen,and5ormoreservingsoffruitsandvegetablesdaily.Therewerenosignificantdiffer-encesindailycalciumintakeorservingsofgrains.Therewerealsonosignificantsexvegetarianstatusorracevegetarianstatusinteractions.Differencesbetweenvegetariansandnonvegetar-iansforavarietyofotherfoodintakevariablesaregivenTable3.Vegetarianadolescents,comparedwithnonvegetarianadolescents,consumedsignificantlylessvitaminB,cholesterol,regularsoda,fruitdrink,andfastfood,aswellasthepercentageofcaloriesfrompro-teinandalltypesoffat.Vegetariansweresignificantlymorelikelythannonvegetarianstoconsumemoreiron,(YAQ).TheYAQasksaboutspecificfooditems,identifiesamountsofeachfood,andasksforfrequencyofconsump-tion.Forexample,onequestionasksabouthowfre-quently2piecesofpizzaareconsumed(never,1-3timespermonth,onceaweek,2-4timesperweek,5timesperweek).ValidityandreliabilityoftheYAQhavebeentestedamongarandomsampleofchildren(aged9-18years)ofparticipantsintheNursesHealthStudyandfoundtobewithinacceptablerangesfordietaryassessmenttools.Meancorrelationforenergy-adjustednutrientsbetweentwoYAQsandthree24-hourrecalls(implementedin3sea-sons)was0.45.Themeanenergyintake(incalories)fortheYAQwashigherthanfortherecallsbutwithin1%ofthem.Test-retestcorrelationsbetween2YAQsduringa1-yearperiodwere0.49forfruitand0.48forvegetables.Responsestoquestionsonthefrequencyofintakeofthefollowingfruitsandvegetablesweresummedtoassessaveragetotaldailyintakeoffruitsandvegetables:apples,applejuice,bananas,beets,broccoli,carrots,celery,cole-slaw,corn,grapes,greensorkale,lettuce,melon,mixedvegetables,oranges,orangejuice,peachesorplums,pears,peas,peppers,potatoes(notincludingFrenchfries),rai-sins,spinach,strawberries,stringbeans,tomatoes,to-matoorspaghettisauce,yams,andzucchiniorsquash.Con-sumptionoffruitsandvegetableswasgenerallyreportedusing5-pointscales(eg,neverorlessthanonceamonth,1-3timespermonth,onceaweek,2-4timesperweek,timesperweek).Dietaryintakeinthepresentstudywasevaluatedin2ways:relativetotheHealthyPeople2010objectives(forrelevantnutrientsandfoods)andasmeandailyintake.Inthecurrentstudy,nutrientandfoodbehaviorsexaminedrelativetotheHealthyPeople2010objectivesincludedthefollowing:totalfat(percentageoftotalenergy),saturatedfat(percentageoftotalenergy),calcium(milligrams),fruits(servings),vegetables(servings),andgrains(servings).ThesewereconvertedtothepercentageofstudentswhocompliedwiththeHealthyPeople2010objectives.Otherdailynutrientintakesincludedthefollowing:calories(ki-localories),protein(grams),calcium(milligrams),zinc(mil-ligrams),iron(milligrams),vitaminA(units),vitaminB(milligrams),vitaminB(micrograms),vitaminC(milli-grams),folate(micrograms),linoleicacid(grams),cho-lesterol(milligrams),caffeine(milligrams),andfiber(grams).Otherdailyfoodintakesincludedsoda(dailyserv-ings),dietsoda(dailyservings),fruitdrink(noncarbon-ated,dailyservings),andfastfood(frequencyinthepastweek).Wealsoexaminedthepercentageofcaloriesfromprotein,carbohydrates,totalfat,saturatedfat,polyunsatu-ratedfat,andmonounsaturatedfat,aswellastheaveragedailyservingsoffruitandvegetables.Thesewereselectedtoassesswhethervegetarianswereatgreaterorlesserriskthannonvegetariansfornutrientinadequaciesofparticu-larconcernduringadolescence.DATAANALYSESThepresentstudyassesseddietaryintakeassociatedwithadolescentvegetarians.Inthefirstsetofanalyses,theper-centagesofadolescentswhomettheHealthyPeople2010dietaryobjectiveswerecomparedbetweenvegetariansandnonvegetarians.Theseanalysesalsoassessedwhetherdi-etaryintakewasmoderatedbysex(ie,sex-by-vegetarianinteractions)orrace/ethnicity(ie,race/ethnicityvegetarianinteractions).Dailyintakeofspecificnutrientsandfoodswasalsocomparedbetweenvegetariansandnonveg-etarians.Inthesecondsetofanalyses,thepercentagesofado-lescentswhometHealthyPeople2010objectiveswerecom-paredbetweenspecificvegetariangroups.Fortheseanalyses,vegetarianswhowerelacto-ovo-veganswerecomparedwithsemivegetarians.Logisticandlinearregressionanalyseswereconductedtotestforstatisticaldifferencesbetweenthecom-parisongroupswhenthedependentvariableswereeitherdi-chotomousorlinear,respectively.Allanalysescontrolledforsexandracesincethereweredifferencesbetweengroupsinsexandracialmake-up.Theinteractionanalysesbysexandracewerecontrolledforraceorsex,respectively..05wasconsideredsignificant.valueswerenotadjustedformul-tipletestingbecausefalse-positivedifferenceswereun-likelywhenthevaluesaresmall(.01),whichwasthecaseformostofthecomparisons.Allanalyseswerecon-ductedusingtheStatisticalAnalysisSystem. (REPRINTED)ARCHPEDIATRADOLESCMED/VOL156,MAY2002WWW.ARCHPEDIATRICS.COM ©2002AmericanMedicalAssociation.Allrightsreserved. on...
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